Narrative review-drug delivery in age-related macular degeneration

: This narrative review highlights routes of ocular drug delivery for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is the leading cause irreversible blindness in industrialized countries and accounts 8.7% worldwide. Advanced can be classified into two subtypes: late-stage dry [known as geographic atrophy (GA)] neovascular (nAMD). GA often bilateral results from progressive loss photoreceptors areas retinal pigment epithelium. Wet characterized by angiogenesis choroid to normally avascular regions underneath epithelium (RPE) or retina, a process known choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Various targeted therapeutic options are currently available reduce progression rate maintain vision patients with nAMD. Intravitreal anti-VEGF protein treatments halt CNV gold-standard care Subretinal suprachoroidal approaches also being explored gene molecular therapies. Advancements nanotechnology biomaterials have led development microscopic systems, including hydrogels, microparticles, nanoparticles, implants, liposomes. Gene therapy stem cell has recently emerged potential candidate treatment modality other degenerations. New targets modalities stimulated exciting developments promise greater efficacy durability treatment.